Family-school collaboration to curb the problem of school bullying among adolescents is an important task for the mental health of adolescents. Based on the 2018 PISA data of Chinese adolescents, the study explored the interaction effect of school climate and parental emotional support on adolescent school bullying, as well as the mediating mechanism of fear of failure. The results showed that the interaction of school competition climate and parental emotional support negatively predicts school bullying, while the interaction of school cooperative climate and parental emotional support positively predicts school bullying, and the fear of failure plays a partial masking role. The study has certain implications for home-school collaboration to suppress school bullying among adolescents.